Types: N/A
Examples: N/A
Constructions: 5.7 Cosine Formula for Inner Product
Generalizations: N/A
Properties: N/A
Sufficiencies: 5.5 Pythagorean Theorem
Questions: N/A
Let a , b , c be positive real numbers representing the length of the three sides of any triangle. Let θ be the angle opposite the side length of c and between the sides of lengths a and b . Then,
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2 a b cos ( θ )
\begin{proof}
Let's break the theorem statement into two cases:
The Acute Case ( 0 < θ < π 2 )
⚠ Switch to EXCALIDRAW VIEW in the MORE OPTIONS menu of this document. ⚠
Text Elements
Embedded files
9dc03aef1bd9be767817c5d11f87ea50ba1ebf2d: θ
c698f5c42cefbd2ac7b5c8969549ee89068b5bfb: b
5819e66fe6437fb7757e7b6f3a7463b0c0f1ddd7: x
7f48413a83c3587e255b2ad1eaf331ce65187901: a − x
33c1ac43d1fce37257312ff93de2bcce95e366c3: c
70ee5b828338e6639bda4ef94af6041c620e91f5: h
7a2958810c301cd73bd698adad7ea9af703d578c: θ
0a1fb8e43a34c50c96da6b3cbd419fca1f05ac00: b
43c0d15551f72b91e67f3ac64a8e61dd762b7fbe: x
4b5749a4ad00913a3436bcac4a6b68225d531b1c: a − x
605e2242cde1e023beb6525ee5db9ebd32a4330f: h
648399c5d1d86dca1e07f315edc46826689375c9: c
In this case, we have x 2 + h 2 = b 2 . Further, we see:
c 2 = ( a − x ) 2 + h 2 = a 2 − 2 a x + x 2 + h 2 = a 2 − 2 a x + b 2 Take a look at the right triangle on the left.
cos θ = x b ⟹ b cos θ = x If we sub in b cos θ for x into our formula for c 2 , we get
a 2 + b 2 − 2 a b cos θ which is what we wanted to show.
The Obtuse Case ( π 2 < θ < π )
500
⚠ Switch to EXCALIDRAW VIEW in the MORE OPTIONS menu of this document. ⚠
Text Elements
Embedded files
9dc03aef1bd9be767817c5d11f87ea50ba1ebf2d: θ
c698f5c42cefbd2ac7b5c8969549ee89068b5bfb: b
5819e66fe6437fb7757e7b6f3a7463b0c0f1ddd7: x
7f48413a83c3587e255b2ad1eaf331ce65187901: a − x
33c1ac43d1fce37257312ff93de2bcce95e366c3: c
70ee5b828338e6639bda4ef94af6041c620e91f5: h
7a2958810c301cd73bd698adad7ea9af703d578c: θ
0a1fb8e43a34c50c96da6b3cbd419fca1f05ac00: b
43c0d15551f72b91e67f3ac64a8e61dd762b7fbe: x
4b5749a4ad00913a3436bcac4a6b68225d531b1c: a − x
605e2242cde1e023beb6525ee5db9ebd32a4330f: h
648399c5d1d86dca1e07f315edc46826689375c9: c
Again, we have x 2 + h 2 = b 2 on the left triangle. On the triangle to the right of h , we see:
c 2 = ( a − x ) 2 + h 2 = a 2 − 2 a x + x 2 + h 2 = a 2 − 2 a x + b 2 Let's look at the triangle on the left again.
cos θ = x b ⟹ b cos θ = x Therefore,
c 2 = a 2 − 2 a b cos θ + b 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2 a b cos θ \end{proof}